Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century. The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has increased dramatically worldwide due to changing dietary habits, reduced physical activity, urbanization, and increased screen time. Childhood obesity is associated with numerous health complications including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, respiratory disorders, psychological issues, and reduced quality of life. This review examines the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, health consequences, and prevention strategies related to childhood obesity. Evidence from recent studies indicates that early intervention through family-based lifestyle modifications, school health programs, and policy-level initiatives can substantially reduce obesity prevalence and associated health risks. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated public health approaches to combat childhood obesity globally.