Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) represents a major global public health challenge, threatening decades of progress in tuberculosis control. Resistance to first-line anti-tuberculosis medications complicates treatment, increases mortality, and places significant burdens on healthcare systems. Understanding the clinical characteristics of drug-resistant tuberculosis is essential for early diagnosis, effective treatment, and improved patient outcomes.

Objective

This study evaluates the demographic, clinical, radiological, microbiological, and treatment-related characteristics of patients diagnosed with drug-resistant tuberculosis and identifies factors associated with treatment outcomes.

Methods

A multicenter observational study was conducted among 520 patients diagnosed with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clinical records, laboratory findings, radiological imaging, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Statistical methods included descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and survival analysis.

Results

The majority of patients were male (63.1%), with a mean age of 42.8 ± 13.7 years. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) accounted for 71.2% of cases, while extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) represented 12.5%. Common symptoms included chronic cough (91%), weight loss (84%), fever (76%), and hemoptysis (32%). Treatment success was achieved in 68.4% of patients, while treatment failure and mortality were significantly associated with HIV co-infection, extensive lung involvement, and delayed diagnosis.

Conclusion

Drug-resistant tuberculosis is characterized by severe clinical manifestations, prolonged treatment requirements, and substantial morbidity. Early diagnosis, rapid drug susceptibility testing, and individualized treatment strategies are essential for improving outcomes and reducing disease transmission.