Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 18 million deaths annually. The burden of cardiovascular disease continues to rise due to demographic transitions, urbanization, and increasing prevalence of modifiable risk factors.

Objective

This study aims to identify and analyze the major risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases among adults and evaluate strategies for prevention and risk reduction.

Methods

A narrative review and analytical assessment of published literature between 2015 and 2025 were conducted. Relevant studies examining demographic, behavioral, metabolic, environmental, and genetic determinants of cardiovascular disease were reviewed and synthesized.

Results

Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, dyslipidemia, physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, psychosocial stress, and advancing age were identified as major contributors to cardiovascular disease risk. Modifiable risk factors account for nearly 80% of premature cardiovascular events. Lifestyle modification and early intervention significantly reduce disease incidence and mortality.

Conclusion

Cardiovascular diseases are strongly influenced by modifiable risk factors. Comprehensive prevention programs focusing on healthy lifestyles, early diagnosis, and risk-factor management can substantially reduce the global cardiovascular burden.